Budgeting & Forecasting › Capital Budgeting

What cash flows are relevant in capital budgeting?

Intermediate

Answer

Only incremental, future cash flows caused by the decision are relevant: the initial outlay, operating cash flows (incremental revenues less cash costs), working-capital changes, and terminal/residual values. Sunk costs (already incurred) are ignored, and opportunity costs are included. Depreciation is not a cash flow, but its tax effect (tax shield) is.
Real-world example A market-research cost already spent (sunk) is excluded, while the tax saving from depreciation is included.

Common follow-ups: Why exclude sunk costs? | Why include the depreciation tax shield?